What are protocols in Crypto? What are token protocols?

What are protocols in Crypto? What are token protocols?

I understand how Consensus protocols work. They are essentially rules that nodes follow in order to validate transactions and blocks. It seems as if all tokens are their own protocols.

So what are protocols, and protocol tokens?

If DogeCoin and Litecoin are forks of Bitcoin, does it mean they are using the Bitcoin Protocol? Or do they have their own blockchain?

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